After many requests, finally I finished my learn C# in one video tutorial. I cover a ton in this tutorial including : User input,Data Types, Math, Casting, If, Switch, Ternary Operator, While, Do While, For Loops, Foreach, Strings, Formatting Strings, StringBuilder, Arrays, Lists, Exception Handling, Converting to Data Types, Classes, Objects, Getters, Setters, Constructors, Static, Overloading Methods, Object Initializer, Inheritance, Calling Superclass Methods, Overriding Class Methods, Abstract Classes, Interfaces, Generics, Enums, Structs, Anonymous Methods, Lambda Expressions, File I/O and more. The code follows the video below.
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Code From the Video
// Use using to declare namespaces and functions we wish to use
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using AnimalNS;
/*
Multiline Comment
*/
// Delegates are used to pass methods as arguments to other methods
// A delegate can represent a method with a similar return type and attribute list
delegate double GetSum(double num1, double num2);
// ---------- ENUMS ----------
// Enums are unique types with symbolic names and associated values
public enum Temperature
{
Freeze,
Low,
Warm,
Boil
}
// ---------- STRUCT ----------
// A struct is a custom type that holds data made up from different data types
struct Customers
{
private string name;
private double balance;
private int id;
public void createCust(string n, double b, int i)
{
name = n;
balance = b;
id = i;
}
public void showCust()
{
Console.WriteLine("Name : " + name);
Console.WriteLine("Balance : " + balance);
Console.WriteLine("ID : " + id);
}
}
// Give our code a custom namespace
namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
class Program
{
// Code in the main function is executed
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// Prints string out to the console with a line break (Write = No Line Break)
Console.WriteLine("What is your name : ");
// Accept input from the user
string name = Console.ReadLine();
// You can combine Strings with +
Console.WriteLine("Hello " + name);
// ---------- DATA TYPES ----------
// Booleans are true or false
bool canVote = true;
// Characters are single 16 bit unicode characters
char grade = 'A';
// Integer with a max number of 2,147,483,647
int maxInt = int.MaxValue;
// Long with a max number of 9,223,372,036,854,775,807
long maxLong = long.MaxValue;
// Decimal has a maximum value of 79,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,335
// If you need something bigger look up BigInteger
decimal maxDec = decimal.MaxValue;
// A float is a 32 bit number with a maxValue of 3.402823E+38 with 7 decimals of precision
float maxFloat = float.MaxValue;
// A float is a 32 bit number with a maxValue of 1.797693134E+308 with 15 decimals of precision
double maxDouble = double.MaxValue;
// You can combine strings with other values with +
Console.WriteLine("Max Int : " + maxDouble);
// The dynamic data type is defined at run time
dynamic otherName = "Paul";
otherName = 1;
// The var data type is defined when compiled and then can't change
var anotherName = "Tom";
// ERROR : anotherName = 2;
Console.WriteLine("Hello " + anotherName);
// How to get the type and how to format strings
Console.WriteLine("anotherName is a {0}", anotherName.GetTypeCode());
// ---------- MATH ----------
Console.WriteLine("5 + 3 = " + (5 + 3));
Console.WriteLine("5 - 3 = " + (5 - 3));
Console.WriteLine("5 * 3 = " + (5 * 3));
Console.WriteLine("5 / 3 = " + (5 / 3));
Console.WriteLine("5.2 % 3 = " + (5.2 % 3));
int i = 0;
Console.WriteLine("i++ = " + (i++));
Console.WriteLine("++i = " + (++i));
Console.WriteLine("i-- = " + (i--));
Console.WriteLine("--i = " + (--i));
Console.WriteLine("i += 3 " + (i += 3));
Console.WriteLine("i -= 2 " + (i -= 2));
Console.WriteLine("i *= 2 " + (i *= 2));
Console.WriteLine("i /= 2 " + (i /= 2));
Console.WriteLine("i %= 2 " + (i %= 2));
// Casting : If no magnitude is lost casting happens automatically, but otherwise it must be done
// like this
double pi = 3.14;
int intPi = (int)pi; // put the data type to convert to between braces
// Math Functions
// Acos, Asin, Atan, Atan2, Cos, Cosh, Exp, Log, Sin, Sinh, Tan, Tanh
double number1 = 10.5;
double number2 = 15;
Console.WriteLine("Math.Abs(number1) " + (Math.Abs(number1)));
Console.WriteLine("Math.Ceiling(number1) " + (Math.Ceiling(number1)));
Console.WriteLine("Math.Floor(number1) " + (Math.Floor(number1)));
Console.WriteLine("Math.Max(number1, number2) " + (Math.Max(number1, number2)));
Console.WriteLine("Math.Min(number1, number2) " + (Math.Min(number1, number2)));
Console.WriteLine("Math.Pow(number1, 2) " + (Math.Pow(number1, 2)));
Console.WriteLine("Math.Round(number1) " + (Math.Round(number1)));
Console.WriteLine("Math.Sqrt(number1) " + (Math.Sqrt(number1)));
// Random Numbers
Random rand = new Random();
Console.WriteLine("Random Number Between 1 and 10 " + (rand.Next(1,11)));
// ---------- CONDITIONALS ----------
// Relational Operators : > < >= <= == !=
// Logical Operators : && || ^ !
// If Statement
int age = 17;
if ((age >= 5) && (age <= 7)) {
Console.WriteLine("Go to elementary school");
}
else if ((age > 7) && (age < 13)) {
Console.WriteLine("Go to middle school");
}
else {
Console.WriteLine("Go to high school");
}
if ((age < 14) || (age > 67)) {
Console.WriteLine("You shouldn't work");
}
Console.WriteLine("! true = " + (! true));
// Ternary Operator
bool canDrive = age >= 16 ? true : false;
// Switch is used when you have limited options
// Fall through isn't allowed with C# unless there are no statements between cases
// You can't check multiple values at once
switch (age)
{
case 0:
Console.WriteLine("Infant");
break;
case 1:
case 2:
Console.WriteLine("Toddler");
// Goto can be used to jump to a label elsewhere in the code
goto Cute;
default:
Console.WriteLine("Child");
break;
}
// Lable we can jump to with Goto
Cute:
Console.WriteLine("Toddlers are cute");
// ---------- LOOPING ----------
int i = 0;
while (i < 10)
{
// If i = 7 then skip the rest of the code and start with i = 8
if (i == 7)
{
i++;
continue;
}
// Jump completely out of the loop if i = 9
if (i == 9)
{
break;
}
// You can't convert an int into a bool : Print out only odds
if ((i % 2) > 0)
{
Console.WriteLine(i);
}
i++;
}
// The do while loop will go through the loop at least once
string guess;
do
{
Console.WriteLine("Guess a Number ");
guess = Console.ReadLine();
} while (! guess.Equals("15")); // How to check String equality
// Puts all changes to the iterator in one place
for(int j = 0; j < 10; j++)
{
if ((j % 2) > 0)
{
Console.WriteLine(j);
}
}
// foreach cycles through every item in an array or collection
string randStr = "Here are some random characters";
foreach( char c in randStr)
{
Console.WriteLine(c);
}
// ---------- STRINGS ----------
// Escape Sequences : \' \" \\ \b \n \t
string sampString = "A bunch of random words";
// Check if empty
Console.WriteLine("Is empty " + String.IsNullOrEmpty(sampString));
Console.WriteLine("Is empty " + String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(sampString));
Console.WriteLine("String Length " + sampString.Length);
// Find a string index (Starts with 0)
Console.WriteLine("Index of bunch " + sampString.IndexOf("bunch"));
// Get a substring
Console.WriteLine("2nd Word " + sampString.Substring(2, 6));
string sampString2 = "More random words";
// Are strings equal
Console.WriteLine("Strings equal " + sampString.Equals(sampString2));
// Compare strings
Console.WriteLine("Starts with A bunch " + sampString.StartsWith("A bunch"));
Console.WriteLine("Ends with words " + sampString.EndsWith("words"));
// Trim white space at beginning and end or (TrimEnd / TrimStart)
sampString = sampString.Trim();
// Replace words or characters
sampString = sampString.Replace("words", "characters");
Console.WriteLine(sampString);
// Remove starting at a defined index up to the second index
sampString = sampString.Remove(0,2);
Console.WriteLine(sampString);
// Join values in array and save to string
string[] names = new string[3] { "Matt", "Joe", "Paul" };
Console.WriteLine("Name List " + String.Join(", ", names));
// Formatting : Currency, Decimal Places, Before Decimals, Thousands Separator
string fmtStr = String.Format("{0:c} {1:00.00} {2:#.00} {3:0,0}", 1.56, 15.567, .56, 1000);
Console.WriteLine(fmtStr.ToString());
// ---------- STRINGBUILDER ----------
// Each time you create a string you actually create another string in memory
// StringBuilders are used when you want to be able to edit a string without creating new ones
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
// Append a string to the StringBuilder (AppendLine also adds a newline at the end)
sb.Append("This is the first sentence.");
// Append a formatted string
sb.AppendFormat("My name is {0} and I live in {1}", "Derek", "Pennsylvania");
// Clear the StringBuilder
// sb.Clear();
// Replaces every instance of the first with the second
sb.Replace("a", "e");
// Remove characters starting at the index and then up to the defined index
sb.Remove(5, 7);
// Out put everything
Console.WriteLine(sb.ToString());
// ---------- ARRAYS ----------
// Declare an array
int[] randNumArray;
// Declare the number of items an array can contain
int[] randArray = new int[5];
// Declare and initialize an array
int[] randArray2 = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
// Get array length
Console.WriteLine("Array Length " + randArray2.Length);
// Get item at index
Console.WriteLine("Item 0 " + randArray2[0]);
// Cycle through array
for (int i = 0; i < randArray2.Length; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine("{0} : {1}", i, randArray2[i]);
}
// Cycle with foreach
foreach (int num in randArray2)
{
Console.WriteLine(num);
}
// Get the index of an item or -1
Console.WriteLine("Where is 1 " + Array.IndexOf(randArray2, 1));
string[] names = { "Tom", "Paul", "Sally" };
// Join an array into a string
string nameStr = string.Join(", ", names);
Console.WriteLine(nameStr);
// Split a string into an array
string[] nameArray = nameStr.Split(',');
// Create a multidimensional array
int[,] multArray = new int[5, 3];
// Create and initialize a multidimensional array
int[,] multArray2 = { { 0, 1 }, { 2, 3 }, { 4, 5 } };
// Cycle through multidimensional array
foreach(int num in multArray2)
{
Console.WriteLine(num);
}
// Cycle and have access to indexes
for (int x = 0; x < multArray2.GetLength(0); x += 1)
{
for (int y = 0; y < multArray2.GetLength(1); y += 1)
{
Console.WriteLine("{0} | {1} : {2}", x, y, multArray2[x, y]);
}
}
// ---------- LISTS ----------
// A list unlike an array automatically resizes
// Create a list and add values
List<int> numList = new List<int>();
numList.Add(5);
numList.Add(15);
numList.Add(25);
// Add an array to a list
int[] randArray = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
numList.AddRange(randArray);
// Clear a list
// numList.Clear();
// Copy an array into a List
List<int> numList2 = new List<int>(randArray);
// Create a List with array
List<int> numList3 = new List<int>(new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 });
// Insert in a specific index
numList.Insert(1, 10);
// Remove a specific value
numList.Remove(5);
// Remove at an index
numList.RemoveAt(2);
// Cycle through a List with foreach or
for (int i = 0; i < numList.Count; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(numList[i]);
}
// Return the index for a value or -1
Console.WriteLine("4 is in index " + numList3.IndexOf(4));
// Does the List contain a value
Console.WriteLine("5 in list " + numList3.Contains(5));
// Search for a value in a string List
List<string> strList = new List<string>(new string[] { "Tom","Paul" });
Console.WriteLine("Tom in list " + strList.Contains("tom", StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
// Sort the List
strList.Sort();
// ---------- EXCEPTION HANDLING ----------
// All the exceptions
// msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.systemexception.aspx#inheritanceContinued
try
{
Console.Write("Divide 10 by ");
int num = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
Console.WriteLine("10 / {0} = {1}", num, (10/num));
}
// Specifically catches the divide by zero exception
catch (DivideByZeroException ex)
{
Console.WriteLine("Can't divide by zero");
// Get additonal info on the exception
Console.WriteLine(ex.GetType().Name);
Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
// Throw the exception to the next inline
// throw ex;
// Throw a specific exception
throw new InvalidOperationException("Operation Failed", ex);
}
// Catches any other exception
catch (Exception ex)
{
Console.WriteLine("An error occurred");
Console.WriteLine(ex.GetType().Name);
Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
}
// ---------- CLASSES & OBJECTS ----------
Animal bulldog = new Animal(13, 50, "Spot", "Woof");
Console.WriteLine("{0} says {1}", bulldog.name, bulldog.sound);
// Console.WriteLine("No. of Animals " + Animal.getNumOfAnimals());
// ---------- ENUMS ----------
Temperature micTemp = Temperature.Low;
Console.Write("What Temp : ");
Console.ReadLine();
switch (micTemp)
{
case Temperature.Freeze:
Console.WriteLine("Temp on Freezing");
break;
case Temperature.Low:
Console.WriteLine("Temp on Low");
break;
case Temperature.Warm:
Console.WriteLine("Temp on Warm");
break;
case Temperature.Boil:
Console.WriteLine("Temp on Boil");
break;
}
// ---------- STRUCTS ----------
Customers bob = new Customers();
bob.createCust("Bob", 15.50, 12345);
bob.showCust();
// ---------- ANONYMOUS METHODS ----------
// An anonymous method has no name and its return type is defined by the return used in the method
GetSum sum = delegate (double num1, double num2) {
return num1 + num2;
};
Console.WriteLine("5 + 10 = " + sum(5, 10));
// ---------- LAMBDA EXPRESSIONS ----------
// A lambda expression is used to act as an anonymous function or expression tree
// You can assign the lambda expression to a function instance
Func<int, int, int> getSum = (x, y) => x + y;
Console.WriteLine("5 + 3 = " + getSum.Invoke(5, 3));
// Get odd numbers from a list
List<int> numList = new List<int> { 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 };
// With an Expression Lambda the input goes in the left (n) and the statements go on the right
List<int> oddNums = numList.Where(n => n % 2 == 1).ToList();
foreach (int num in oddNums) {
Console.Write(num + ", ");
}
// ---------- FILE I/O ----------
// The StreamReader and StreamWriter allows you to create text files while reading and
// writing to them
string[] custs = new string[] { "Tom", "Paul", "Greg" };
using (StreamWriter sw = new StreamWriter("custs.txt"))
{
foreach(string cust in custs)
{
sw.WriteLine(cust);
}
}
string custName = "";
using (StreamReader sr = new StreamReader("custs.txt"))
{
while ((custName = sr.ReadLine()) != null)
{
Console.WriteLine(custName);
}
}
Console.Write("Hit Enter to Exit");
string exitApp = Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace ConsoleApplication2
{
class Animal
{
// public : Access is not limited
// protected : Access is limited to the class methods and subclasses
// private : Access is limited to only this classes methods
public double height { get; set; }
public double weight { get; set; }
public string sound { get; set; }
// We can either have C# create the getters and setters or create them ourselves to verify data
public string name;
public string Name
{
get { return name; }
set { name = value; }
}
// Every object has a default constructor that receives no attributes
// The constructor initializes every object created
// this is used to refer to this objects specific fields since we don't know the objects given name
// The default constructor isn't created if you create any other constructor
public Animal()
{
this.height = 0;
this.weight = 0;
this.name = "No Name";
this.sound = "No Sound";
numOfAnimals++;
}
// You can create custom constructors as well
public Animal(double height, double weight, string name, string sound)
{
this.height = height;
this.weight = weight;
this.name = name;
this.sound = sound;
numOfAnimals++;
}
// A static fields value is shared by every object of the Animal class
// We declare thinsg static when it doesn't make sense for our object to either have the property or
// the capability to do something (Animals can't count)
static int numOfAnimals = 0;
// A static method cannot access non-static class members
public static int getNumOfAnimals()
{
return numOfAnimals;
}
// Declare a method
public string toString()
{
return String.Format("{0} is {1} inches tall, weighs {2} lbs and likes to say {3}", name, height, weight, sound);
}
// Overloading methods works if you have methods with different attribute data types
// You can give attributes default values
public int getSum(int num1 = 1, int num2 = 1)
{
return num1 + num2;
}
public double getSum(double num1, double num2)
{
return num1 + num2;
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// Create an Animal object and call the constructor
Animal spot = new Animal(15, 10, "Spot", "Woof");
// Get object values with the dot operator
Console.WriteLine("{0} says {1}", spot.name, spot.sound);
// Calling a static method
Console.WriteLine("Number of Animals " + Animal.getNumOfAnimals());
// Calling an object method
Console.WriteLine(spot.toString());
Console.WriteLine("3 + 4 = " + spot.getSum(3, 4));
// You can assign attributes by name
Console.WriteLine("3.4 + 4.5 = " + spot.getSum(num2: 3.4, num1: 4.5));
// You can create objects with an object initializer
Animal grover = new Animal
{
name = "Grover",
height = 16,
weight = 18,
sound = "Grrr"
};
Console.WriteLine(grover.toString());
// Create a subclass Dog object
Dog spike = new Dog();
Console.WriteLine(spike.toString());
spike = new Dog(20, 15, "Spike", "Grrr Woof", "Chicken");
Console.WriteLine(spike.toString());
// One way to implement polymorphism is through an abstract class
Shape rect = new Rectangle(5, 5);
Shape tri = new Triangle(5, 5);
Console.WriteLine("Rect Area " + rect.area());
Console.WriteLine("Trit Area " + tri.area());
// Using the overloaded + on 2 Rectangles
Rectangle combRect = new Rectangle(5, 5) + new Rectangle(5, 5);
Console.WriteLine("combRect Area = " + combRect.area());
// ---------- GENERICS ----------
// With Generics you don't have to specify the data type of an element in a class or method
KeyValue<string, string> superman = new KeyValue<string, string>("","");
superman.key = "Superman";
superman.value = "Clark Kent";
superman.showData();
// Now use completely different types
KeyValue<int, string> samsungTV = new KeyValue<int, string>(0, "");
samsungTV.key = 123456;
samsungTV.value = "a 50in Samsung TV";
samsungTV.showData();
Console.Write("Hit Enter to Exit");
string exitApp = Console.ReadLine();
}
}
class Dog : Animal
{
public string favFood { get; set; }
// Set the favFood default and then call the Animal super class constructor
public Dog() : base()
{
this.favFood = "No Favorite Food";
}
public Dog(double height, double weight, string name, string sound, string favFood) :
base(height, weight, name, sound)
{
this.favFood = favFood;
}
// Override methods with the keyword new
new public string toString()
{
return String.Format("{0} is {1} inches tall, weighs {2} lbs, likes to say {3} and eats {4}", name, height, weight, sound, favFood);
}
}
// Abstract classes define methods that must be defined by derived classes
// You can only inherit one abstract class per class
// You can't instantiate an abstract class
abstract class Shape
{
public abstract double area();
// An abstract class can contain complete or default code for methods
public void sayHi()
{
Console.WriteLine("Hello");
}
}
// A class can have many interfaces
// An interface can't have concrete code
public interface ShapeItem
{
double area();
}
class Rectangle : Shape
{
private double length;
private double width;
public Rectangle( double num1, double num2)
{
length = num1;
width = num2;
}
public override double area()
{
return length * width;
}
// You can redefine many built in operators so that you can define what happens when you
// add to Rectangles
public static Rectangle operator+ (Rectangle rect1, Rectangle rect2)
{
double rectLength = rect1.length + rect2.length;
double rectWidth = rect1.width + rect2.width;
return new Rectangle(rectLength, rectWidth);
}
}
class Triangle : Shape
{
private double theBase;
private double height;
public Triangle(double num1, double num2)
{
theBase = num1;
height = num2;
}
public override double area()
{
return .5 * (theBase * height);
}
}
// ---------- GENERIC CLASS ----------
class KeyValue<TKey, TValue>
{
public TKey key { get; set; }
public TValue value { get; set; }
public KeyValue(TKey k, TValue v)
{
key = k;
value = v;
}
public void showData()
{
Console.WriteLine("{0} is {1}", this.key, this.value);
}
}
}